Height map models of terrain are computationally efficient but can not represent terrain with concave surfaces. We present an algorithm for generating sandstone goblins using a simulation of spheroidal weathering. Sandstone goblins are a kind of hoodoo which are characterized by rounded concave shapes. The weathering simulation uses bubbles centered on axis aligned voxels to approximate geometr...

In the mountainous Rio Icacos watershed in northeastern Puerto Rico, quartz diorite bedrock weathers spheroidally, producing a 0.2–2 m thick zone of partially weathered rock layers ( 2.5 cm thickness each) called rindlets, which form concentric layers around corestones. Spheroidal fracturing has been modeled to occur when a weathering reaction with a positive DV of reaction builds up elastic st...

Abstract Background Three stages of basalt weathering are known: early or incipient weathering, intermediate and advanced weathering. The Late Oligocene Gebel Qatrani in Fayum Depression, Egypt, shows signs particularly exhibited spheroids found at the top flow. present paper gives results detailed petrographical, mineralogical geochemical study these spheroids. Results core-stones composed phe...

One of the most conventional toppling instabilities is the block-flexural toppling failure that occurs in civil and mining engineering projects. In this kind of failure, some rock columns are broken due to tensile bending stresses, and the others are overturned due to their weights, and finally, all of the blocks topple together. A specific feature of spheroidal weathering is the rounding of th...

Chemical weathering indices are commonly used for characterizing weathering profiles by incorporating bulk major element oxide chemishy inlo a single metric for each sample. Generally, on homogeneous parent rocks, weathering indices change systematically with depth. However, the weathering of heterogeneous metamorphic rocks confounds the relationship between weathering index and depth. In this ...